What type of batteries are used in Russia?

Lead–acid storage batteries The most commonly used batteries in Russia, lead–acid storage batteries are widespread in renewable energy facilities. As an example, Yuchugey, an autonomous photovoltaic system located in the Republic of Sakha, uses lead–acid storage batteries with gel electrolyte (OPzV) and a total capacity of 164.2 kW ⋅ h.

Is there a universal solution to storage batteries in autonomous photovoltaic systems?

There is a need for skilled personnel training so as to eliminate as much as possible human factor mistakes when operating storage batteries in autonomous photovoltaic systems in Siberia and the Russian Far East. The authors conclude that there is no universal solution for all projects.

Are lithium-ion batteries used in autonomous photovoltaic systems?

Lithium-ion storage batteries are also used in autonomous photovoltaic systems. For instance, the total capacity of lithium-ion batteries in the autonomous system Batamay (Republic of Sakha) is only 86.4 kW ⋅ h.

What are storage batteries with gel electrolyte (OPzV)?

Storage batteries with gel electrolyte (OPzV) are well suited to use in small private photovoltaic and wind power systems with predetermined load levels and high power density. Under these conditions, the use of OPzV is appropriate in terms of minimal maintenance, temperature conditions and the average annual number of charge/discharge cycles.

Which storage batteries are best for autonomous energy systems?

• In the Russian context, FLA and OPzS storage batteries are the best option for average-sized and more powerful autonomous energy systems with renewable energy sources. They are less costly than OPzV with similar capacity and are subject to high-current discharges.