How do EVs work?

The driving power for EVs is supplied from an on-board energy reservoir, i.e. a lithium-ion battery pack. Charging woes and range anxiety due to limited battery capacity are the Achilles' heel of EVs. Under mild weather conditions, ∼80% of the energy stored in EV batteries can be used to power the wheels .

What are the benefits of energy recovery technologies for EVs?

Both the energy recovery and storage technologies for EVs have been aimed to save more electrical energy for driving thereby stretching the travelling range, alleviating range anxiety, and improving energy efficiency. The advantages of applying TES technologies in EVs lie in two aspects:

What infrastructure is needed for multi-energy-vector powered EVs?

Infrastructure for multi-energy-vector powered EVs: Multi-energy powered EVs require the establishment of multi-vector energy charging stations and associated infrastructure, as well as the access to rapidly updated charge station locations through e.g. GPS and mobile phone apps.

Which HVAC system is best for EVs?

So far, Vapor compression refrigeration - Dedicated heater (VCR-DH) is the most commonly used HVAC system in EVs (electrical heating) and hybrid EVs (fuel heating) owing to its convenient substitution, low cost and serviceability .

How does a PCM affect the travel range of EVs?

The PCM is supposed to have a phase change temperature around the comfort temperature which is lower/higher than the ambient temperature in summer/winter, respectively. In this way, the energy consumption of the compressor can be reduced, and hence the travelling range of EVs can be increased.

How does HVAC work in an EV?

HVAC has two levels of functionality in EVs: the first is to ensure operational safety by defogging and de-icing the windshield and windows, and the second is to maintain cabin comfort by controlling temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity .